Síndrome Cardiorrenal Aguda: Qual Critério Diagnóstico Utilizar e sua Importância para o Prognóstico? / Acute Cardiorenal Syndrome: Which Diagnostic Criterion to Use And What is its Importance for Prognosis?

Resumo A indefinição de critérios diagnósticos para síndrome cardiorrenal aguda (SCRA) impacta em diferentes resultados prognósticos. Objetivou-se avaliar os critérios diagnósticos da SCRA e o impacto no prognóstico. Procedeu-se à revisão sistemática utilizando-se a metodologia PRISMA e os critérios PICO nas bases MEDLINE, EMBASE e LILACS. A pesquisa incluiu artigos originais do tipo ensaio clínico, coorte, caso-controle e meta-análises publicados no período de janeiro de 1998 até junho de 2018. Não foi encontrada na literatura nem nas diretrizes de insuficiência cardíaca uma definição clara dos critérios diagnósticos da SCRA. O critério diagnóstico mais comumente utilizado é o aumento da creatinina sérica de pelo menos 0,3 mg/dl em relação à basal. Entretanto, existem controvérsias na definição de creatinina basal e de qual deveria ser a creatinina sérica de referência dos pacientes críticos. Esta revisão sistemática sugere que os critérios de SCRA devem ser revistos para que se inclua o diagnóstico de SCRA na admissão hospitalar. A creatinina sérica de referência deve refletir a função renal basal antes do início da injúria renal aguda.

Abstract The absence of a consensus about the diagnostic criteria for acute cardiorenal syndrome (ACRS) affects its prognosis. This study aimed at assessing the diagnostic criteria for ACRS and their impact on prognosis. A systematic review was conducted using PRISMA methodology and PICO criteria in the MEDLINE, EMBASE and LILACS databases. The search included original publications, such as clinical trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, and meta-analyses, issued from January 1998 to June 2018. Neither literature nor heart failure guidelines provided a clear definition of the diagnostic criteria for ACRS. The serum creatinine increase by at least 0.3 mg/dL from baseline creatinine is the most used diagnostic criterion. However, the definition of baseline creatinine, as well as which serum creatinine should be used as reference for critical patients, is still controversial. This systematic review suggests that ACRS criteria should be revised to include the diagnosis of ACRS on hospital admission. Reference serum creatinine should reflect baseline renal function before the beginning of acute kidney injury.

Type 1 cardiorenal syndrome in a patient with an acute infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi in the Brazilian Amazon region - a case report

Abstract Cardiorenal syndrome type 1 (CRS 1) occurs when acute heart failure leads to acute kidney injury. There are several etiologies of CRS 1, including Chagas disease. Here, we present the first case report of CRS 1 in a patient with acute Chagas disease. Electrocardiography, transthoracic echocardiography, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showed signs of acute myocarditis. Laboratory examination revealed severe loss of kidney function, with a creatinine clearance of 30 mL/min, which fully normalized after treatment. Due to emergence of Chagas disease in the Brazilian Amazon, it is important to report unique clinical features in order to improve patients' outcomes.

Síndrome cardiorrenal. Una revisión / Cardio-renal syndrome. A review

La presente revisión analiza los síndromes cardiorrenales tipo 1 y 2, que se desarrollan a partir de la afectación cardíaca, siendo el compromiso renal consecuencia de la misma, destacando la profunda interacción entre ambos órganos. Se estudian la epidemiología, la fisiopatología, los aspectos diagnósticos y los pilares del tratamiento de cada uno de ellos, considerando los diferentes ensayos clínicos que aportan la evidencia fundamental para el manejo de los pacientes. Se destacan los diversos factores involucrados en su génesis: hemodinámicos, inflamatorios, neurohumorales, iatrogénicos. Se aborda el cuestionamiento de su existencia como una entidad real, tal como se define y estudia actualmente, quedando planteada la necesidad de progresar en el conocimiento de sus aspectos diagnósticos y terapéuticos. Se destaca finalmente la importancia de desarrollar medidas preventivas del daño que pueda provocar un órgano sobre el otro y de los demás factores involucrados.

This review analyzes the cardio-renal syndromes type 1 and 2, which develop from cardiac involvement with renal involvement being a consequence of it, highlighting the strong interaction between both organs. The epidemiology, the pathophysiology, the diagnostic aspects, and the pillars of the treatment of each of them are studied, considering the different clinical trials that provide the evidence for their management. It highlights the various factors involved in its genesis: hemodynamic, inflammatory, neurohumoral and iatrogenic. The controversy of its existence as a real entity, as it is currently defined and studied, is addressed, and the need to progress in the knowledge of its diagnostic and therapeutic aspects is raised. Finally, the importance of developing preventive measures of damage that one organ may cause over the other and of the other involved factors, is highlighted.

Terapia dialítica no paciente cardiopata / Dialysis therapy in patients with heart disease

A otimização das medidas para controle volêmico tem papel preponderante naabordagem de pacientes com disfunção cardíaca e renal combinada, uma vez quealterações crônicas ou agudas em um desses órgãos, em geral, induzem ou perpetuam anormalidades (funcionais e/ou estruturais) no outro. Esta revisão de literatura propõe uma análise sobre as principais medidas terapêuticas no cardiopata com disfunção renal...

Optimizing the methods used in the control of volemia is very important in the treatment of patients with combined heart and renal dysfunction, as chronic or acute changes in either of these organs generally induces or perpetuates abnormalities (functional and/orstructural) in the other. This literature review analyzes the main therapeutic methods used in heart disease with renal dysfunction...

Síndrome cardiorenal / Cardiorenal syndrome

El Síndrome Cardio Renal (SCR) en una entidad compleja y sólo recientemente reconocida, que está en plena fase de definición, estudio de su patogénesis y fisiopatología. El SCR fue primero descrito como el empeoramiento de la función renal en los pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca aguda o crónica descompensada, y reúne a internistas, cardiólogos, nefrólogos e intensivistas, siendo además un importante marcador pronóstico de la misma. Si bien la presencia de compromiso de la función renal es frecuente en los pacientes cardiópatas, especialmente en aquellos con insuficiencia cardiaca, no es menos frecuente el compromiso cardiovascular y miocárdico expresado como insuficiencia cardiaca (IC), en los pacientes con enfermedad renal terminal...

The Cardio-renal Syndrome (CRS) is a complex and a recently recognized entity, which is in full stage of definition, pathogenesis and pathophysiological study. The CRS was first described as a failure of the renal system in patients with Acute or Chronic Cardiac Deficiency not compensated, and it groups internists, cardiologists, nephrologists, and intensivists, being, moreover, an important marker prognosis. Although the presence of compromise of the kidney function is frequent in heart disease patients, especially in those with Cardiac Deficiency, it is not less common the cardiovascular and myocardial compromise, named as Cardiac Deficiency (CD), in patients with End-Stage Kidney Disease...